According to one of the major early sources on this period, the Rawd al-Qirtas by Ibn Abi Zar, al-Qarawiyyin was founded as a mosque in 857 or 859 by Fatima al-Fihri, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named Mohammed al-Fihri. On the other han d, this architecture c omprises many structures, from massive This style of improvisation is known for the effects it can conjure from a listener. The architecture of Palestine and ancient Israel covers a vast historical time frame and a number of different styles and influences over the ages. Carved or curved molding used in architecture and interior design as decorative motif, often consisting of flutes which are inverted and curved. The most recognizably "Moroccan" architecture, however, is the traditional architecture that developed in the Islamic period (7th century and after) which dominates much of Morocco's documented history and its existing heritage. In modern usage, the word "origami" is used as an inclusive term for all folding practices, regardless of their culture of origin. Buddhism (/ b d z m / BUU-dih-zm, / b u d-/ BOOD-), also known as Buddha Dharma or Dharmavinaya (transl. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou.The Song conquered the rest of the Ten Kingdoms, ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.The Song often came into The term bazaar is sometimes also used to refer to the "network of an indoor swap meet is a type of bazaar, i.e. Mughal architecture is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent.It developed from the architectural styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India and from Iranian and Central Asian architectural traditions, particularly Timurid architecture. Muqarnas vaulting is a three-dimensional decorative element commonly used from the 11th century on. A common theme in traditional African architecture is the use of fractal scaling, whereby small parts of the structure tend to look similar to larger parts, such as a circular village made The golden ratio has persistently been claimed in modern times to have been used in art and architecture by the ancients in Egypt, Greece and elsewhere, without reliable evidence. It spanned a total area of 3.9 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles) from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the The Palestinian townhouse shared in the same basic conceptions regarding the arrangement of living space and apartment types The claim may derive from confusion with "golden mean", which to the Ancient Greeks meant "avoidance of excess in either "doctrines and disciplines"), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on a series of original teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha. The Mosque, or Muslim house of worship, is the building most commonly associated with this architecture. 'fortress', Arabic pronunciation: , Maghrebi Arabic: ), also spelled qasba, qasaba, or casbah, is a fortress, most commonly the citadel or fortified quarter of a city. In the 9th century, Fez was the capital of the Idrisid dynasty, considered to be the first Moroccan Islamic state. A riad (Arabic: , romanized: riy; also spelled "riyad") is a type of traditional Moroccan and Andalusi interior garden or courtyard associated with house and palace architecture. The Alhambra (/ l h m b r /, Spanish: [alamba ]; Arabic: , romanized: Al-amr, pronounced [alamra], lit. De architectura (On architecture, published as Ten Books on Architecture) is a treatise on architecture written by the Roman architect and military engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus, as a guide for building projects.As the only treatise on architecture to survive from antiquity, it has been regarded since the Renaissance As in building an arch, a temporary support is needed while rings of voussoirs are constructed and the rings placed in position. The mosque is located west of Lahore Fort along the outskirts of the Walled City of Lahore, and is widely considered to be one of Lahore's most iconic landmarks.. Originating in ancient India as a movement professing ramaa between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, it gradually The word is a derivative of the Arabic root n-b-r ("to raise, elevate"); the Arabic plural is manbir (Arabic: ).. Function and form. The Song dynasty (; Chinese: ; pinyin: Sng cho; 9601279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. It was part of Siri, the second medieval city of India of the Delhi Sultanate of Alauddin Khalji Dynasty (12961316). 'the radiant city') was a fortified palace-city on the western outskirts of Crdoba in present-day Spain.Its remains are a major archaeological site today. 'The Cube', Arabic pronunciation: ), also spelled Ka'bah or Kabah, sometimes referred to as al-Kabah al-Musharrafah (Arabic: , romanized: al-Kabah al-Musharrafah, lit. The Nasir al-Mulk Mosque (Persian: Masjed-e Nasir ol-Molk), also known as the Pink Mosque ( Masjed-e Surati), is a traditional mosque in Shiraz, Iran.It is located near Shh Chrgh Mosque.It was built during Qajar dynasty rule of Iran.. Its initial construction was undertaken by the Umayyad Caliphate on the orders of Abd al-Malik during the Second Fitna in 691692 CE, and The urban architecture of the region of Palestine prior to 1850 was relatively sophisticated. The Dome of the Rock (Arabic: , romanized: Qubbat a-akhra) is an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem, a site also known to Muslims as the al-Haram al-Sharif or the Al-Aqsa Compound. The etymology of the name Hauz Hauz Khas Complex in Hauz Khas, South Delhi houses a water tank, an Islamic seminary, a mosque, a tomb and pavilions built around an urbanized village with medieval history traced to the 13th century of Delhi Sultanate reign. [1] : 232 Moreover, this type of arch was indeed commonly used with muqarnas sculpting along the intrados (inner surfaces) of the arch. Al-Azhar Mosque (Arabic: , romanized: al-Jmi al-Azhar, lit. However, it continued to be used as a decorative element to contrast superseding styles. Public Islamic art is traditionally non-representational, except for the widespread use of plant forms, usually in varieties of the spiralling arabesque. This "Islamic architecture" of Morocco was part of a wider cultural and artistic complex, often referred to as "Moorish" art, which characterized Etymology. Khirki Mosque, approached from the Khirki Village in South Delhi and close to the Satpula or the seven arched bridge on the edge of southern wall of Jahanpanah (the fourth city of Medieval Delhi), was a mosque built by Khan-i-Jahan Junan Shah, the prime minister of Feroz Shah Tughlaq (13511388) of the Tughlaq Dynasty. This form of architectural decoration is common in Indo-Islamic architecture and more generally in Indian architecture. A type of buttress that transmits the thrust to a heavy abutment by means of a half-arch. It is closely related to mashrabiya in Islamic architechture. The Badshahi Mosque (Urdu, Punjabi: ; literally The Royal Mosque) is a Mughal-era congregational mosque in Lahore, capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab. Now it is used by performers on the oud/ud, violin, or nay, a type of flute. A jali or jaali (jl, meaning "net") is the term for a perforated stone or latticed screen, usually with an ornamental pattern constructed through the use of calligraphy, geometry or natural patterns. The dynasty also sponsored the production of linen textiles and a tiraz workshop. The word 'Khirki' prefixed to mosque is an Urdu In architecture, a vault (French vote, from Italian volta) is a self-supporting arched form, usually of stone or brick, serving to cover a space with a ceiling or roof. The Great Seljuk Empire, or the Seljuk Empire was a high medieval, culturally Turko-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, founded and ruled by the Qnq branch of Oghuz Turks. 'The Resplendent Congregational Mosque'), known in Egypt simply as al-Azhar, is a mosque in Cairo, Egypt in the historic Islamic core of the city.Commissioned by Jawhar al-Siqilli shortly after Cairo was established as the new capital of the Fatimid Caliphate in 970, it was the first mosque The Badshahi Mosque was This type of building originated from the Roman-style basilica with an adjacent Muqarnas is a three-dimensional sculpted motif created by the geometric subdivision (a tower supposedly used to store royal musical instruments) and the sacred pyramidal roof was used for Islamic architecture. The term Islamic architecture refers to a style of architecture that originated in the 7th century as a way for Muslims to show their beliefs through design. Foundation of the mosque. Fractint is a freeware computer program to render and display many kinds of fractals.The program originated on MS-DOS, then ported to the Atari ST, Linux, and Macintosh.During the early 1990s, Fractint was the definitive fractal generating program for personal computers. Referring to characteristic traditions across a wide range of lands, periods, and genres, Islamic art is a concept used first by Western art historians since the late 19th century. The name is a portmanteau of fractal and integer, since the first versions of Fractint used only a permanent, indoor shopping center open during normal retail hours, with fixed Artists focused on the exotic beauty of the land the markets, caravans and snake charmers. Each storey of the tower has a projected balcony surrounding the minaret and supported by corbels that are ornamented with Muqarnas or honey-comb vault, a type of architectural ornamented vaulting. This type of arch is also sometimes referred to as a "muqarnas" arch due to its similarities with a muqarnas profile and because of its speculated derivation from the use of muqarnas itself. A kasbah (/ k z b /, also US: / k z-/; Arabic: , romanized: qaaba, lit. Source: wikimedia.org. The golden ratio (roughly equal to 1.618) was known to Euclid. Until the topmost voussoir, the keystone, is positioned, the vault is not self-supporting. The history of fractals traces a path from chiefly theoretical studies to modern applications in computer graphics, with several notable people contributing canonical fractal forms along the way. Origami (, Japanese pronunciation: or [oiami], from ori meaning "folding", and kami meaning "paper" (kami changes to gami due to rendaku)) is the art of paper folding, which is often associated with Japanese culture. Madinat al-Zahra or Medina Azahara (Arabic: , romanized: Madnat az-Zahr, lit. It was the main script used to copy the Qur'an from the 8th to 10th century and went out of general use in the 12th century when the flowing naskh style become more practical. Among the best-known art forms that flourished are a type of ceramic lustreware and the crafting of objects carved in solid rock crystal. Its origin is generally attributed to Persian gardens that spread during the Islamic period. The Kaaba (Arabic: , romanized: al-Kabah, lit. Islamic ornament is the use of decorative patterns in Islamic art and Islamic architecture.They can be broadly divided into the arabesque, using curving plant-based elements, geometric patterns with straight lines or regular curves, and calligraphy, consisting of religious texts with stylised appearance, used both decoratively and to convey meaning.. 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